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Conditional Sentences: Unreal atau Contrary to Fact Conditionals

Berbeda dengan real conditionals, makna dari kalimat conditional tipe ini selalu bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan (fakta). Artinya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat positif (affirmative), conditionalnya pasti dalam kalimat negatif; Sebaliknya, jika faktanya dalam kalimat negatif, conditionalnya harus dalam kalimat positif.

Ada dua tipe kalimat unreal conditionals, yaitu: jika faktanya dalam simple present tense dan jika faktanya dalam simple past tense. Unreal conditionals dapat dibuat dengan menggunakan conjunctions if (seperti halnya dalam real conditionals), dengan menginversi (menempatkan kata bantu) ke depan subject kalimat, dengan menggunakan as if atau as though, dan verb wish. Penggunaan verb wish ini akan dibandingkan dengan penggunaan verb hope.

A. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple present tense

a. Jika faktanya dalam simple present tense atau future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti pola berikut:

If + S + verb2, S +	would could might	+ Verb1

Contoh:

1. If the teacher didnt speak quickly, I could understand better what he is teaching about. (Jika guru itu tidak berbicara dengan cepat, saya dapat memahami dengan lebih baik apa yang dia sedang ajarkan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: the teacher speaks quickly, so that, I cant understand well what he is teaching about.
2. He could hug me, if he were here. (Dia boleh memeluk saya, jika dia di sini). Faktanya: he cant hug me, because, he is not here.
3. If I had a pair of wings, I would fly high. (Jika saya punya sepasang sayap, saya mungkin terbang tinggi). Faktanya: I dont have a pair of wings, I cannot fly high.

Perhatikan:

1. Selalu gunakan be were; Be Was tidak pernah digunakan dalam unreal conditional (lihat contoh 2).
2. Jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat positif (affirmative), faktanya harus dalam kalimat negatif. Sebaliknya, jika main clause dan if clause dalam kalimat pengandaian merupakan kalimat negatif, maka faktanya harus dalam kalimat positif.

B. Unreal conditionals jika faktanya dalam simple past tense

Jika faktanya dalam simple past tense atau past future tense, maka conditionalnya mengikuti formula berikut:

If + S + had +verb3, S +	would could might	+ have +Verb3

Contoh:

1. If Robby had not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan (jika Robby tidak pergi nonton film (di bioskop) tadi malam, dia tidak akan berjumpa dengan Susan). Fakta dari kalimat ini adalah: Robby went to a movie last night, then, he met Susan.
2. If the German football team had played well, it could have beaten Spanish team (jika team sepak bola Jerman bermain bagus, team itu dapat mengalahkan team Spanyol). Faktanya: German foot ball team didnt play well, it couldnt beat the Spanish team.
3. You could have answered the questions well If you had studied well last night (kamu dapat menjawab soal-soal dengan baik, jika kamu belajar dengan baik tadi malam). Faktanya adalah: you couldnt answer the questions well, because, you didnt study well last night.

Perhatikan: Unreal condition yang kedua ini juga dapat diekspresikan dengan menempatkan auxiliary had di awal kalimat. Arti kalimat tidak berubah. Dalam hal ini, kata if tidak digunakan. Jika formula berikut yang digunakan, main clause selalu ditempatkan di belakang (setelah sub-clause).

Had + S + verb3, S +	would could might	+ have +Verb3

Contoh:

1. Had Robby not gone to a movie last night, he would not have met Susan.
2. Had the German football team played well, it could have beaten the Spanish team.
3. Had you studied well last night, you could have answered the questions well.

Penggunaan As if/As though dalam unreal conditionals

Conjunction as if atau as though (artinya: seolah-olah) juga dapat digunakan untuk mengekspresikan situasi yang bertolak belakang dengan kenyataan. Untuk tujuan ini, verb yang mengikuti conjunction ini harus dalam bentuk past tense (verb2) atau past perfect tense (had + verb3).

S + verb1 + as if/as though + S + verb2

Contoh:

1. Norman behaves as if he were a president. (Norman berperilaku seolah-olah dia seorang presiden). Faktanya, he is not a president.
2. You look as though you saw a ghost (you tampak seolah-olah kamu melihat setan). Faktanya, you dont see a ghost.
3. The plant grows fast as if it were 5 years old (tanaman itu tumbuh cepat seolah-olah tanaman itu berumur 5 tahun). Faktanya, the plant is 1 years old.

S + verb2 + (as if/as though) + S + had + verb3

Contoh:

1. Ali talked about the contest as if he had won the grand prize. (Ali bercerita tentang kontes itu seolah-olah dia telah memenangkan hadiah utama). Faktanya, he didnt win the grand prize.
2. He spoke as though he had not stolen the money. (Dia berkata seolah-olah dia tidak mencuri uang itu). Faktanya, he stole the money.
3. She cried as though she had not been happy at all. (Dia menangis seolah-olah dia tidak bahagia sama sekali) Faktanya, she was happy at all (itu tangis kebahagiaan kali!).

Penggunaan Wish/ hope dalam conditional sentences

Verb wish dan hope sama-sama berarti berharap, tetapi penggunaannya dalam kalimat sangat berbeda. Hope digunakan untuk mengekspresikan sesuatu yang mungkin terjadi atau akan mungkin terjadi. Sebaliknya, wish digunakan untuk menyatakan sesuatu yang pasti tidak terjadi atau tidak akan mungkin terjadi. Hope dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam sembarang tensis; wish tidak dapat diikuti oleh verb dalam simple present tense atau modal auxiliary simple present tense.

Perhatikan perbedaan penggunaan wish dan hope pada contoh-contoh di bawah ini:

1. We hope that they can come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Dalam kalimat ini subject we tidak tahu apakah they bisa datang atau tidak. Tetapi, ada kemungkinan bahwa they bisa datang.
2. We wish that they could come. (kita berharap bahwa mereka bisa datang). Di sini, we sudah tahu bahwa they tidak bisa datang. Faktanya adalah: they cant come.
3. I hope that they came yesterday. (saya berharap kamu datang kemarin). Di sini, I tidak tahu apakah they datang atau tidak kemarin.
4. I wish that they had come yesterday. (saya berharap bahwa mereka datang kemarin). Di sini, I sudah tahu bahwa they didnt come yesterday. Faktanya adalah: they didnt come yesterday.

Jadi, clause yang mengikuti wish clause pada prinsipnya adalah unreal conditional.

Penggunaan wish dalam unreal conditionals ada 3, yaitu: future wish, present wish, dan past wish.

a. Future wish

S + wish + (that) + S +	could + verb1 would +verb1 were + verb-ing

Note: Penggunaan relative pronoun that adalah optional (bisa digunakan, bisa juga tidak):

Contoh:

1. I wish my friend would visit me this afternoon. (Saya berharap teman saya akan mengunjungi saya sore ini). Faktanya: my friend will not come this afternoon.
2. They wish that you could come to the party tonight. (Mereka berharap bahwa kamu bisa datang sebentar malam). Faktanya: you cant come.
3. Bobby wishes he were coming with Angelia. (Bobby berharap dia datang dengan Angelia). Faktanya: Bobby is not coming with Angelia.

b. Present wish

S + wish + (that) + S + verb2

Contoh:

1. I wish I were rich. (Saya berharap saya kaya). Faktanya adalah: I am not rich.
2. I wish I had enough time to finish my work. (Saya berharap saya punya cukup waktu untuk menyelesaikan pekerjaan saya). Faktanya: I dont have enough time to finish my work.
3. John wishes that Ririn were old enough to be his girl friend. (John berharap bahwa Ririn cukup umur untuk menjadi pacarnya). Faktanya: Ririn is not old enough to be Johns girl friend.
4. I wish I didnt have to come to class today. (Saya berharap saya tidak harus pergi kuliah hari ini). Faktanya: I have to go to class today.
5. I wish my TOEFL score were over 650 now. (Saya berharap nilai TOEFL saya sekarang lebih dari 650). Faktanya: my TOEFL score is not over 650 now.

c. Past wish

S + wish + (that) + S +	had + verb3 could + had + verb3

Contoh:

1. I wish I had washed my clothes yesterday. (Saya berharap saya telah cuci pakaian-pakaian saya kemarin). Faktanya: I didnt wash my clothes yesterday.
2. Irwan wishes that he had answered the questions well. (Irwan berharap bahwa dia telah menjawab soal-soal dengan baik). Faktanya: Irwan didnt answer the questions well.
3. Christian Ronaldo wishes that his team could have beaten the German team. (Christian Ronaldo berharap bahwa teamnya dapat mengalahkan team Jerman). Faktanya: Christian Ronaldos team couldnt beat the German team.
4. I wish you had been here last night. (Saya berharap kamu ada di sini tadi malam). Faktanya: you were not here last night.

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CALCULATOR SEDERHANA C++

#include  <stdio.h>
#include <conio.h>
main()
{
char kode;
float p,l,jumlah,kali,bagi,kurang;
printf("\nmasukkan kode untuk operasi kalkulator:");
printf("\nuntuk penjumlahan ketik + \n");
printf("untuk pengurangan ketik - \n");
printf("untuk perkalian ketik * \n");
printf("untuk pembagian ketik / \n");
printf("-----------------------------------------\n");
printf("\jadi kode yang akan di masukkkan adalah: ");
scanf("%c",&kode);
switch(kode)
{
case '+':
printf("masukkan nilai1: ");scanf("%f",&p);
printf("masukkan nilai2: ");scanf("%f",&l);
jumlah=p+l;
     printf("\njumlah adalah: %.2f",jumlah);
break;
 case '-':
printf("masukkan nilai1: ");scanf("%f",&p);
printf("masukkan nilai2: ");scanf("%f",&l);
kurang=p-l;
     printf("\nkurang adalah: %.2f",kurang);
break;
case '*':
printf("masukkan nilai1: ");scanf("%f",&p);
printf("masukkan nilai2: ");scanf("%f",&l);
kali=p*l;
     printf("\nkali adalah: %.2f",kali);
break;
case '/':
printf("masukkan nilai1: ");scanf("%f",&p);
printf("masukkan nilai2: ");scanf("%f",&l);
bagi=p/l;
     printf("\nbagi adalah: %.2f",bagi);
break;
default:printf("kode anda salah");
     }
}

Semoga Bermanfaat.................!

Jangan cuma Copaste ya............. Sambil dipelajari. heheheheh

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Nilai Rata-Rata C++

#include<iostream.h>

float A,B,C,jumlah,rata;

void main()
{
    cout<<"Masukkan Banyaknya Data = "; cin>>A;
    for (C=1;C<=A;C++)
    {
        cout<<"Masukkan Data ke "<<C<<" = "; cin>>B;
        jumlah=jumlah+B;
    }
    rata=jumlah/A;
    cout<<"Rata-ratanya adalah = "<<rata;
}



Semoga Bermanfaat......................!

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Menampilkan nilai terbesar JOptionPane Java

public static void main(String[] args) {
        // TODO code application logic here
   final int jumData=3;
   int [] arrData = new int[jumData];
   for(int i=0;i<jumData;i++){
       //memasukkan data sebanyak jumData
      arrData[i]=Integer.parseInt(JOptionPane.showInputDialog("Masukkan nilai  "+(i+1)));
   }
   int terbesar=arrData[0];
   //anggap yang terbesar adalah data ke 0;
   for(int i=1;i<jumData;i++){
       //mengecek data dari data ke 1 sampai sejumlah data,
     if (arrData[i]>terbesar) {
        terbesar=arrData[i];
        //jika data ke i lebih besar,maka terbesar diisi dengan data ke i
     }
   }
    JOptionPane.showMessageDialog(null, "Nilai terbesar adalah "+terbesar);
  }
}

jangan lupa dicek ulang ya................................. takut ada yang salah

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Menampilkan Bilangan Terbesar Java

public static void main(String[] args) throws IOException {
       BufferedReader dataInt = new BufferedReader(new InputStreamReader( System.in) );
       //create here
       String input;
       final int jumData=3;
   int [] arrData = new int[jumData];
   for(int i=0;i<jumData;i++){
       //memasukkan data sebanyak jumData
      System.out.println("Masukkan nilai ke  "+(i+1));
      input=dataInt.readLine();
      arrData[i]=Integer.parseInt(input);
   }
   int terbesar=arrData[0];
   //anggap yang terbesar adalah data ke 0;
   for(int i=1;i<jumData;i++){
       //mengecek data dari data ke 1 sampai sejumlah data,
     if (arrData[i]>terbesar) {
        terbesar=arrData[i];
        //jika data ke i lebih besar,maka terbesar diisi dengan data ke i
     }
   }
    System.out.println( "Nilai terbesar adalah "+terbesar);
    }
}

Semoga Bermanfaat!

Dikoreksi lagi ya.......... takut macih ada yang salah. hehehe

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Centralization And Desentralization

Centralization

Centralization is focusing all authority to a small number of managers or yangberada at the top of the organization structure. Maybe now I'll take pembacauntuk look back or in ancient times. If we look at the development of science and information systems teknologiinformasi, most enterprise applications are built ad-hoc development dala sehinggatidak wonder we often encounter the phenomenon of patchy application system. Dandalam company or department in ancient times often build their own system-sendiriuntuk supporting functional activities, such as accounting and financial information systems, marketing and sales systeminformasi, operational information systems, and so forth. In awalnyapara companies do not feel that this system brings problems. Therefore, systemini still used. However, in line with the times and teknologiinformasi developments and business world, many companies are beginning to realize that the system is already tidakcocok because of the problems in the company when they want to drain sebuahdata or information from one to the other. Communication error occurs due to technical differences such problems adanyasejumlah standards, protocols, technologies, methods and other lain.Oleh Therefore, companies began to glance at the concept of the centralized system because they sangatmembutuhkan a large system a unified and integrated with each other and others. Ataukarakteristik feature of the system of centralization are as follows:
Strategies, policies and approach to information management policies seragamdan standard for all organizational units with a tendency to be top down governance  Decisions related to the type of system, type of application, database standards, hakakses, hardware specifications and infrastructure, and other determined by the centre Information technology units have centre power and authority a much larger and higher than the unit similiar that exist in different branches of the company or business unit Computing power is likely to be placed at the center of a number of marked with installed a powerful servers and warehouse file the consolidation of data berisiseluruh cabang.Selain offices, the centralized system has several advantages, namely:
Guarantee the formation of a holistic and coherent system across tataranorganisasi because it is standardized and centralized Exchange of file and information can be easily karenakeseragaman technology primary and secondary data storage. The potential  anarchy as a phenomenon  patchy and kesulitanmembangun interface of a number of systems that spread to direduksiseminimum possible, and other sebagainyaTetapi not just the excess, system centralization it also has a lot kelemahandimana this weakness very annoying and impede progress perusahaan.Kelemahan-weakness among other:
The tendency is excessive control and information management are too strict hinggaterjadi a fairly rigid and hierarchical Focus was focused more on  conformity  or adherence to standard procedures, thereby reducing a number of initiatives that sometimes can be benefit for company,
Because usually leads to a certain standard, often perludikeluarkan cost is relatively much more expensive than the non-standard. Because information technology comprises a number of components that are diverse, not necessarily the individual components selected are the best (karenayang important for management is the similarity standard so terkadangkinerja or diminished performance), Sometimes found in the development of sophisticated new technologies danberguna for the company, but due to the company's standard specifications beyond those opportunities just released, Nature or  the characteristics of the development of information technology that completely open system and open standard' create a centralized system yet tentumemiliki competitive advantage compared to other approaches, Assumptions are always used in the centralized system is kesamaanfasilitas and performance across the company's business units, but for the archipelago like Indonesia and infrastructure issues digitaldivide 'major obstacles that often hinder the effectiveness kinerjasistem, and so forth

Decentralization

A decentralized organization is one in which decision making is not confined to a few top executives but rather is throughout the organization, with managers at various levels making key operating decisions relating to their sphere of responsibility. Decentralization is a matter of degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of necessity. At one extreme, a strongly decentralized organization is one in which even the lowest-level managers and employees are empowered to make decisions. At the other extreme, in a strongly decentralized organization, lower-level managers have little freedom to make decisions. Although most organizations fall somewhere between these two extremes, there is a pronounced trend toward more and more decentralization.

Advantages/Benefits of Decentralization:

Decentralization has many advantages/benefits, including:

1. Top management is relieved of much day-to-day problem solving and is left free to concentrate on strategy, on higher level decision making, and coordinating activities.
2. Decentralization provides lower level managers with vital experience in making decisions. Without such experience, they would be ill-prepared to make decisions when they are promoted into higher level positions.
3. Added responsibility and decision making authority often result in increased job satisfaction. Responsibility and the authority, that goes with it makes the job more interesting and provides greater incentives for people to put out their best efforts.
4. Lower level managers generally have more detailed and up to date information about local conditions than top managers. Therefore the decisions of lower level management are often based on better information.
5. It is difficult to evaluate a manager's performance if the manager is not given much latitude in what he or she can do.

Disadvantages of Decentralization:

Decentralization has four major disadvantages:

1. Lower level managers may make decisions without fully understanding the "big picture." While top level managers typically have less detailed information about local operations than the lower level managers, they usually have more information about the company as a whole and should have a better understanding of the company's strategy.
2. In a truly decentralized organization, there may be a lack of coordination among autonomous managers. This problem can be reduced by clearly defining the company's strategy and communicating it effectively throughout the organization.
3. Lower-level managers may have objectives that are different from the objectives of the entire organization. For example, some managers may be more interested in increasing the sizes of their departments than in increasing the profits of the company.                    To some degree, this problem can be overcome by designing performance evaluation system that motivate managers to make decisions that are in the best interests of the organization.
4. In a strongly decentralized organization, it may be more difficult to effectively spread innovative ideas. Someone in one part of the organization may have a traffic idea that would benefit other parts of the organizations, but without strong central direction the idea may not be shared with, and adopted by other parts of the organization.

References

http://www.accounting4management.com/decentralized_organizations.htm#OProcM1pkkXj3YFP.99

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