Centralization
Centralization
is focusing all authority to a small number of managers or yangberada at the
top of the organization structure. Maybe now I'll take pembacauntuk look back
or in ancient times. If we look at the development of science and information
systems teknologiinformasi, most enterprise applications are built ad-hoc
development dala sehinggatidak wonder we often encounter the phenomenon of
patchy application system. Dandalam company or department in ancient times
often build their own system-sendiriuntuk supporting functional activities,
such as accounting and financial information systems, marketing and sales
systeminformasi, operational information systems, and so forth. In awalnyapara
companies do not feel that this system brings problems. Therefore, systemini
still used. However, in line with the times and teknologiinformasi developments
and business world, many companies are beginning to realize that the system is
already tidakcocok because of the problems in the company when they want to
drain sebuahdata or information from one to the other. Communication error
occurs due to technical differences such problems adanyasejumlah standards,
protocols, technologies, methods and other lain.Oleh Therefore, companies began
to glance at the concept of the centralized system because they
sangatmembutuhkan a large system a
unified and integrated with each other and others. Ataukarakteristik feature of
the system of centralization are as follows:
Strategies, policies and approach to information management policies seragamdan standard for all organizational units with a tendency to be top down governance Decisions related to the type of system, type of application, database standards, hakakses, hardware specifications and infrastructure, and other determined by the centre Information technology units have centre power and authority a much larger and higher than the unit similiar that exist in different branches of the company or business unit Computing power is likely to be placed at the center of a number of marked with installed a powerful servers and warehouse file the consolidation of data berisiseluruh cabang.Selain offices, the centralized system has several advantages, namely:
Guarantee the formation of a holistic and coherent system across tataranorganisasi because it is standardized and centralized Exchange of file and information can be easily karenakeseragaman technology primary and secondary data storage. The potential anarchy as a phenomenon patchy and kesulitanmembangun interface of a number of systems that spread to direduksiseminimum possible, and other sebagainyaTetapi not just the excess, system centralization it also has a lot kelemahandimana this weakness very annoying and impede progress perusahaan.Kelemahan-weakness among other:
The tendency is excessive control and information management are too strict hinggaterjadi a fairly rigid and hierarchical Focus was focused more on conformity or adherence to standard procedures, thereby reducing a number of initiatives that sometimes can be benefit for company,
Because usually leads to a certain standard, often perludikeluarkan cost is relatively much more expensive than the non-standard. Because information technology comprises a number of components that are diverse, not necessarily the individual components selected are the best (karenayang important for management is the similarity standard so terkadangkinerja or diminished performance), Sometimes found in the development of sophisticated new technologies danberguna for the company, but due to the company's standard specifications beyond those opportunities just released, Nature or the characteristics of the development of information technology that completely open system and open standard' create a centralized system yet tentumemiliki competitive advantage compared to other approaches, Assumptions are always used in the centralized system is kesamaanfasilitas and performance across the company's business units, but for the archipelago like Indonesia and infrastructure issues digitaldivide 'major obstacles that often hinder the effectiveness kinerjasistem, and so forth
Strategies, policies and approach to information management policies seragamdan standard for all organizational units with a tendency to be top down governance Decisions related to the type of system, type of application, database standards, hakakses, hardware specifications and infrastructure, and other determined by the centre Information technology units have centre power and authority a much larger and higher than the unit similiar that exist in different branches of the company or business unit Computing power is likely to be placed at the center of a number of marked with installed a powerful servers and warehouse file the consolidation of data berisiseluruh cabang.Selain offices, the centralized system has several advantages, namely:
Guarantee the formation of a holistic and coherent system across tataranorganisasi because it is standardized and centralized Exchange of file and information can be easily karenakeseragaman technology primary and secondary data storage. The potential anarchy as a phenomenon patchy and kesulitanmembangun interface of a number of systems that spread to direduksiseminimum possible, and other sebagainyaTetapi not just the excess, system centralization it also has a lot kelemahandimana this weakness very annoying and impede progress perusahaan.Kelemahan-weakness among other:
The tendency is excessive control and information management are too strict hinggaterjadi a fairly rigid and hierarchical Focus was focused more on conformity or adherence to standard procedures, thereby reducing a number of initiatives that sometimes can be benefit for company,
Because usually leads to a certain standard, often perludikeluarkan cost is relatively much more expensive than the non-standard. Because information technology comprises a number of components that are diverse, not necessarily the individual components selected are the best (karenayang important for management is the similarity standard so terkadangkinerja or diminished performance), Sometimes found in the development of sophisticated new technologies danberguna for the company, but due to the company's standard specifications beyond those opportunities just released, Nature or the characteristics of the development of information technology that completely open system and open standard' create a centralized system yet tentumemiliki competitive advantage compared to other approaches, Assumptions are always used in the centralized system is kesamaanfasilitas and performance across the company's business units, but for the archipelago like Indonesia and infrastructure issues digitaldivide 'major obstacles that often hinder the effectiveness kinerjasistem, and so forth
Decentralization
A decentralized organization is one in which decision making
is not confined to a few top executives but rather is throughout the
organization, with managers at various levels making key operating decisions
relating to their sphere of responsibility. Decentralization is a matter of
degree, since all organizations are decentralized to some extent out of
necessity. At one extreme, a strongly decentralized organization is one in
which even the lowest-level managers and employees are empowered to make
decisions. At the other extreme, in a strongly decentralized organization,
lower-level managers have little freedom to make decisions. Although most organizations
fall somewhere between these two extremes, there is a pronounced trend toward
more and more decentralization.
Advantages/Benefits of Decentralization:
Decentralization
has many advantages/benefits, including:
- Top management is relieved of much day-to-day problem solving and is left free to concentrate on strategy, on higher level decision making, and coordinating activities.
- Decentralization provides lower level managers with vital experience in making decisions. Without such experience, they would be ill-prepared to make decisions when they are promoted into higher level positions.
- Added responsibility and decision making authority often result in increased job satisfaction. Responsibility and the authority, that goes with it makes the job more interesting and provides greater incentives for people to put out their best efforts.
- Lower level managers generally have more detailed and up to date information about local conditions than top managers. Therefore the decisions of lower level management are often based on better information.
- It is difficult to evaluate a manager's performance if the manager is not given much latitude in what he or she can do.
Disadvantages of Decentralization:
Decentralization
has four major disadvantages:
- Lower level managers may make decisions without fully understanding the "big picture." While top level managers typically have less detailed information about local operations than the lower level managers, they usually have more information about the company as a whole and should have a better understanding of the company's strategy.
- In a truly decentralized organization, there may be a lack of coordination among autonomous managers. This problem can be reduced by clearly defining the company's strategy and communicating it effectively throughout the organization.
- Lower-level managers may have objectives that are different from the objectives of the entire organization. For example, some managers may be more interested in increasing the sizes of their departments than in increasing the profits of the company. To some degree, this problem can be overcome by designing performance evaluation system that motivate managers to make decisions that are in the best interests of the organization.
- In a strongly decentralized organization, it may be more difficult to effectively spread innovative ideas. Someone in one part of the organization may have a traffic idea that would benefit other parts of the organizations, but without strong central direction the idea may not be shared with, and adopted by other parts of the organization.
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